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September 30, 2025

The Dark Side of the Chip

Semiconductor production is often marketed as “clean” manufacturing because fabs (short for fabrication plants) are supposed to be dust-free and workers wear white suits. But behind the sterile image is a heavy toxic load. Fabs use thousands of chemicals — photoresists, solvents, acids, etchants, and fluorinated gases — many of them carcinogens or reproductive toxins. Most OSHA exposure limits date back to the 1960s and remain far higher than what biomedical research considers safe. In practice, protective gear and training are uneven, and workers are often exposed to multiple hazardous substances at once.